Atop a jagged, 50-foot-high (15-metre-high) cliff on the Bahamian island of Eleuthera sit two enormous boulders known as "The Cow and the Bull". Each is several times taller than a person; the squatter and wider of the two, the "Bull", weighs around a thousand tons.
The boulders are a tourist attraction, but in recent years, they've become much more than that - a scientific mystery that has been scrutinised because of the lessons it could hold about climate change.
Scientists don't know for sure how these boulders got to their exceptional location - they couldn't have rolled uphill to the top of the cliff; there's no higher cliff from which they could have fallen - but they suspect it has something to do with the Atlantic Ocean far below them.
One possible explanation has frightening implications for the present.
Two years ago, climate scientist James Hansen, drawing on the work of the geologist Paul Hearty, a retired research associate professor at the University of North Carolina, suggested they had been put in place by catastrophic superstorms more than 100,000 years ago at a time of higher seas and dangerous weather dynamics.
These conditions, Hansen fears, could return again if polar ice sheets melt rapidly, upending ocean circulation and potentially causing a host of other difficult-to-predict scenarios.
A new scientific study, however, counters that while the boulders were indeed probably put in place by violent waves long ago, it wouldn't have required superstorms to get them there.
The study, published Monday in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, represents work by Alessio Rovere of the University of Bremen and the Leibniz Centre for Tropical Marine Research and his colleagues.
It suggests that even storms of today's strength could have moved the boulders - at least back when seas were 20 to 30 feet (6 to 9 metres) higher, as they were during part of the Eemian warm period, circa 125,000 years ago.
The new study, though, could hardly be called good news for those who will live with the consequences of climate change.
It uses the boulders to underscore the lesson that as seas rise once again in our future, they will be able to unleash even more of the ocean's destructive power upon present-day human structures.
Storms won't even need to have stronger winds - the oceans will do much of the work.
"As soon as you start rising sea level, you have higher energies on that cliff," said Rovere, who conducted the new research with nine other scientists at institutions in Germany, the United States, Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands.
The controversy over Eleuthera's boulders underscores just how little we know about how the oceans will react to climate change. The seas are rising, but only relatively slowly so far - we don't know how much this could speed up.
And as they warm up they may also foster more intense hurricanes or perhaps even other kinds of large storm systems.
Early reaction to Monday's paper, however, suggests the ongoing debate over the mysterious boulders of Eleuthera is unlikely to end soon.
Hearty and Hansen believe that during a period of dynamic climate transition over 100,000 years ago, enormous storm waves swept the boulders upward from a lower and older cliff face.
Other boulders on the island of Eleuthera, Hearty suggests, were carried even farther afield.
Hearty believes this is part of a "trilogy" of evidence of disastrous change on Eleuthera at the time.
He also argues that the fossil remnants of small bubbles from vast waves were left as high as 80 feet (25 metres) above sea level on the island, and that long and pointed rock walls farther inland, which Hearty calls "chevrons," represent ancient sand dumps from these waves. (Hearty summarised all the evidence in a recent paper that can be read here.)
Rovere and his colleagues traveled to Eleuthera in 2016 hoping to investigate Hearty's hypothesis, and to add some mathematics and computing power to the endeavor.
So they used photographic tools and samples to estimate the weight of the rocks (the Cow, they found, weighs 383 tons; the Bull they estimated at 925), and boat measurements to determine the shape of the seafloor offshore, which drops off quickly into very deep waters - a phenomenon that helps the ocean funnel its energy at the cliff.
Then, the researchers ran simulations of a variety of storms hitting the cliff with different sea levels superimposed. And they found that with Eemian sea levels, the smaller rock, the Cow, could be moved by waves moving around 20 mph (32 km/h) or more - while at around 25 mph (40 km/h) and higher, the same applies to the Bull.
(The study assumed the boulders had stood on the edge of the cliff and were moved inland to their current position, which is contrary to Hearty's idea that they were moved from a considerably lower position.)
Depending on varying sea levels, the study found that Hurricane Andrew of 1992 and Superstorm Sandy of 2012 produced waves powerful and fast moving enough to move the boulders. (In fact, with present-day sea level, the study suggests that smaller boulders on Eleuthera were indeed moved by Hurricane Andrew.)
However, three experts on the geology of the Bahamas - including Hearty - contested aspects of the new work, while praising some others.
Hearty said the new work "contains important technical observations that shed some light on the physical characteristics and mechanisms of transport of the megaboulders," and noted that it "supports wave transport of the boulders by storms, as we have maintained since 1998, despite many challenges."
But he noted that the boulders are only one part of the evidence that he has adduced to support the superstorm hypothesis.
And he posed this question: If storms of the present are powerful enough to move rocks this big, "then why aren't there many Holocene [the current geologic era] and historical boulders at lower elevations as large as the megaboulders?"
John Mylroie, a geologist at Mississippi State University who has also studied the rocks, added that during the Eemian period long ago, the cliff face was different than at present - jutting farther out into the sea, and with higher cliffs - which he believes poses a problem for the calculations.
"The authors have accounted for the +6 metre sea level position 120,000 years ago, but not for how the coastline was configured at that time," said Mylroie by email. This means, he said, that "more energy would have been needed than they calculated."
Pascal Kindler, a field geologist at the University of Geneva who has studied the rocks, also questioned the analysis.
On the one hand, he noted that the Bull is actually made up of three separate boulders on top of one another, which might have been easier to move than the study supposes.
But at the same time, he argued (like Hearty does) that the rocks come from an older and lower cliff face, rather than the cliff edge - making them even harder to move.
"It means that the flow velocity required to lift these boulders must be greater than that calculated by Rovere et al.," Kindler said.
(Not that Mylroie or Kindler agree with the superstorm hypothesis: Mylroie has suggested that the rocks could have been created by erosion and weathering, and Kindler thinks that a large collapse of the seafloor offshore could have created a mini-tsunami that did the work of lifting the boulders.)
Asked about what it would mean if the rocks indeed came from farther below, Rovere answered that "we would probably need higher flows."
But he added that "based on what we observe basically everywhere in the Caribbean, there is no other evidence that a boulder has been taken from the base of even a small cliff and brought up, surpassing an entire cliff."
Clearly, the origin of the boulders remains debated. Nobody, though, seems to be contesting the main punchline of the current study - as seas rise, so do our risks from damaging ocean waves hurled by storms.
"If you raise sea level, you will have more energy on cliff and coastal barriers," said Rovere. "That's the real problem we will have to deal with if sea level keeps rising."
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