Picturing how our species might appear in the far future can invite wild speculation over standout features such as height, brain size, and skin complexion. Yet subtle shifts in our anatomy today demonstrate how unpredictable evolution can be.
Take something as mundane as an extra blood vessel in our arms, which, going by current trends, could be commonplace within just a few generations.
An artery that temporarily runs down the center of our forearms while we're still in the womb isn't vanishing as often as it used to, according to a study published in 2020 by researchers at Flinders University and the University of Adelaide in Australia.
Watch the clip below for a summary of their findings:
That means there are more adults than ever with what amounts to an extra channel of vascular tissue flowing under their wrist.
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"Since the 18th century, anatomists have been studying the prevalence of this artery in adults and our study shows it's clearly increasing," Flinders University anatomist Teghan Lucas explained in 2020.
"The prevalence was around 10 percent in people born in the mid-1880s compared to 30 percent in those born in the late 20th century, so that's a significant increase in a fairly short period of time, when it comes to evolution."
The median artery forms fairly early in development in all humans, transporting blood down the center of our arms to feed our growing hands.
Three major arteries in the forearm, with the 'median' in the center. (ilbusca/Digital Vision Vectors/Getty Images)
At around eight weeks, it usually regresses, leaving the task to two other vessels – the radial (which we can feel when we take a person's pulse) and the ulnar arteries.
Anatomists have known for some time that this withering away of the median artery isn't a guarantee. In some cases, it hangs around for another month or so.
Sometimes we're born with it still pumping away, feeding either just the forearm, or in some cases, the hand as well.
To compare the prevalence of this persistent blood channel, Lucas and colleagues, Maciej Henneberg and Jaliya Kumaratilake from the University of Adelaide, examined 80 limbs from cadavers, all donated by Australians of European descent.
The donors ranged from 51 to 101 on passing, which means they were nearly all born in the first half of the 20th century.
Noting down how often they found a chunky median artery capable of carrying a good supply of blood, the research team compared the figures with records dug out of a literature search, taking into account tallies that could over-represent the vessel's appearance.
The fact that the artery seems to be three times as common in adults today as it was more than a century ago is a startling finding that suggests natural selection is favoring those who hold onto this extra bit of blood supply.
"This increase could have resulted from mutations of genes involved in median artery development or health problems in mothers during pregnancy, or both actually," said Lucas.
We might imagine that having a persistent median artery could give dexterous fingers or strong forearms a dependable boost of blood long after we're born. Yet having one also puts us at a greater risk of carpal tunnel syndrome, an uncomfortable condition that makes us less able to use our hands.
Nailing down the kinds of factors that play a major role in the processes selecting for a persistent median artery will require a lot more sleuthing.
Whatever they might be, it's likely we'll continue to see more of these vessels, the research suggests.
"If this trend continues, a majority of people will have median artery of the forearm by 2100," said Lucas.
This rapid rise of the median artery in adults isn't unlike the reappearance of a knee bone called the fabella, which is also three times more common today than it was a century ago.
As small as these differences are, tiny microevolutionary changes add up to large-scale variations that come to define a species.
Together they create new pressures themselves, putting us on paths of health and disease that we might find hard to imagine today.
This research was published in the Journal of Anatomy.
An earlier version of this article was published in October 2020.